These prominences will almost certainly be on show during totality in North America on April 8, because the sun is likely at the peak of its 11-year solar cycle, known as solar maximum.
1. Coronal mass ejection
One such phenomenon that might be visible is a coronal mass ejection (CME).
“If we get lucky, a CME will present itself as a twisted, spiral-like structure, high in the atmosphere in the sun,” Ryan French, a solar physicist at the National Solar Observatory in Boulder, Colorado, and author of “The Sun: Beginner’s Guide to Our Local Star (Collins, 2023), told Space.com. A CME is a huge ejection of magnetic field and plasma mass from the sun’s corona. It moves fast but looks stationary over a few hours.
“What this does mean, however, is that the same eruption could be seen in Rochester as it was in Dallas, at different stages of the same long-duration eruption,” French said.
2. Solar flares
Frequency: Multiple times a month
Duration: A few minutes
Appearance: Red loops close to the sun’s surface
Solar flares are powerful bursts of radio waves, visible light, X-rays and gamma-rays at the surface of the sun that travel at light speed and take just eight minutes to reach Earth. They often follow a CME.
Although three solar flares that reached X class — the highest-intensity level —went off during one week in February, it’s highly unlikely that one will be seen during totality.
“A solar flare is different to a CME — it’s located far lower in the sun’s atmosphere, closer to the moon’s edge, and would be visible for only a few minutes,” French said. “These would appear similar to low-altitude prominences, visible as red loops closer to the sun’s surface.”
However, the timing and position of a solar flare and a CME would have to be just right. “To be visible from Earth, it needs to be located above the sun’s edge — so as not to get blocked by the moon — during the few minutes of totality,” French said.
3. “Giant eruptive prominences”
We’ll see prominences during totality on April 8. “Prominences come in a large range of sizes and are more common during solar maximum,” French said. “Sometimes prominences erupt, untethering from the sun’s surface and expanding into the solar system.”
That would be a spectacular sight, but what eclipse chasers really want to see are “giant eruptive” prominences — preferably detached from the sun’s surface and free-floating in the corona.
“There have been a few examples of such prominence eruptions over the past few months, each of which would have given a great show if occurring during a total solar eclipse,” French said. “But it’s worth noting that the eclipse will still provide a view of stationary, non-eruptive prominences; they’ll just be smaller and closer to the sun’s surface than they would be mid-eruption.”
Extending totality to view more eruptions
“The problem with eclipses is that they only last a few minutes, so you can’t usually take measurements over time,” Amir Caspi, principal scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, told Space.com. “However, the sun is incredibly dynamic; some processes take minutes or even seconds, such as a solar flare or a CME,” Caspi said.
Given that it’s unlikely that such brief events will occur during totality, there’s only one solution: to make totality longer. One way to extend it is to get in a supersonic jet and chase the moon’s shadow. Scientists did that in 1973 using Concorde, achieving a 73-minute totality.
The alternative is to film the eclipsed sun for a few minutes from across an entire continent, hoping that someone, somewhere, will catch the beginning or end of an event. That rarely happens, but it will on April 8. That day, totality will arrive in the U.S. in Texas at 1:27 p.m. CDT and leave in Maine at 3:35 pm EDT — a total of 68 minutes.
The Citizen Continental-America Telescopic Eclipse (CATE 2024) project, which Caspi leads, is an attempt to make a continuous 60-minute 3D movie of the sun’s corona in polarized light, using 35 teams of three or four citizen scientists. Each will use standardized cameras and setups and hope to get lucky with the sun.
